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Carbon Dioxide Capture and Conversion

Autor: Sonil Nanda , Dai-viet N. Vo , Van-huy Nguyen

Número de Páginas: 338

Carbon Dioxide Capture and Conversion: Advanced Materials and Process provides information about the fundamental principles and recent development of various methods and processes for CO2 mitigation and transformation. Beginning with a brief overview of recent advancements in CO2 capture and valorization technologies, the book elaborates on CO2 capture and conversion by covering nanoporous materials, biomaterials, innovative solvents, advanced membrane technology, nanocatalyst synthesis and design, cutting-edge characterization techniques as well as reaction mechanisms and kinetics. In addition to techno-economic evaluation and life-cycle assessment for CO2 capture and conversion processes, future perspectives, opportunities and current challenges regarding these processes in terms of their industrial applications, are systematically discussed. Carbon Dioxide Capture and Conversion: Advanced Materials and Process is, therefore, an essential resource for academic researchers, postgraduates, scientists, and engineers seeking fundamental knowledge and practical applications for use in their research and development, studies and industrial operations. Includes recent developments in...

Combined co2 capture and conversion method and system

System and method for carbon dioxide capture and sequestration

Materials and Processes for CO2 Capture, Conversion, and Sequestration

Autor: Lan Li (materials Scientist) , Winnie Wong-ng , Kevin Huang , L. P. Cook

Número de Páginas: 362

An Economy Based on Carbon Dioxide and Water

Autor: Michele Aresta , Iftekhar Karimi , Sibudjing Kawi

Número de Páginas: 450

This book is devoted to CO2 capture and utilization (CCU) from a green, biotechnological and economic perspective, and presents the potential of, and the bottlenecks and breakthroughs in converting a stable molecule such as CO2 into specialty chemicals and materials or energy-rich compounds. The use of renewable energy (solar, wind, geothermal, hydro) and non-fossil hydrogen is a must for converting large volumes of CO2 into energy products, and as such, the authors explore and compare the availability of hydrogen from water using these sources with that using oil or methane. Divided into 13 chapters, the book offers an analysis of the conditions under which CO2 utilization is possible, and discusses CO2 capture from concentrated sources and the atmosphere. It also analyzes the technological (non-chemical) uses of CO2, carbonation of basic minerals and industrial sludge, and the microbial-catalytic-electrochemical-photoelectrochemical-plasma conversion of CO2 into chemicals and energy products. Further, the book provides examples of advanced bioelectrochemical syntheses and RuBisCO engineering, as well as a techno-energetic and economic analysis of CCU. Written by leading...

CO2 Capture, Utilization, and Sequestration Strategies

Autor: Yatish T. Shah

Número de Páginas: 481

Offering practical treatment strategies for CO2 emission generated from various energy-related sources, CO2 Capture, Utilization, and Sequestration Strategies emphasizes carbon capture, utilization, and sequestration (CCUS) with special focus on methods for each component of the strategy. While other books mostly focus on CCS strategy for CO2, this book details the technologies available for utilization of CO2, showing how it can be a valuable renewable source for chemicals, materials, fuels, and power instead of a waste material damaging the environment. Highlights current and potential future commercially viable CCUS strategies Discusses applications for direct and the more complex indirect utilization of CO2 streams Examines viability of the mineral carbonation process and biological treatments to convert CO2 into useful biochemicals, biomaterials, and biofuels Explores heterogeneous catalysis for thermal and electrochemical conversion and solar energy-based thermal, photo-thermal, and photocatalytic conversion of CO2 Presents the rapidly growing concept of plasma-activated catalysis for CO2 conversion CO2 Capture, Utilization, and Sequestration Strategies is a valuable...

Carbon Dioxide Capture for Storage in Deep Geologic Formations - Results from the CO2 Capture Project

Autor: David C Thomas , Sally M Benson

Número de Páginas: 660

Carbon Dioxide Capture for Storage in Deep Geologic Formations - Results from the CO2 Capture Project

Advances in Carbon Management Technologies

Autor: Subhas Sikdar , Frank Princiotta

Número de Páginas: 471

Advances in Carbon Management Technologies comprises 43 chapters contributed by experts from all over the world. Volume 1 of the book, containing 23 chapters, discusses the status of technologies capable of yielding substantial reduction of carbon dioxide emissions from major combustion sources. Such technologies include renewable energy sources that can replace fossil fuels and technologies to capture CO2 after fossil fuel combustion or directly from the atmosphere, with subsequent permanent long-term storage. The introductory chapter emphasizes the gravity of the issues related to greenhouse gas emissionglobal temperature correlation, the state of the art of key technologies and the necessary emission reductions needed to meet international warming targets. Section 1 deals with global challenges associated with key fossil fuel mitigation technologies, including removing CO2 from the atmosphere, and emission measurements. Section 2 presents technological choices for coal, petroleum, and natural gas for the purpose of reducing carbon footprints associated with the utilization of such fuels. Section 3 deals with promising contributions of alternatives to fossil fuels, such as...

From CO2 emissions to Fuels and Chemicals: Current Development, Challenges and Perspectives

Autor: Adele Brunetti , Simon Roussanaly , Juliana Monteiro , Claudio Pistidda , Rahul Anantharaman

Número de Páginas: 79

CO2 Separation, Purification and Conversion to Chemicals and Fuels

Autor: Franz Winter , Rashmi Avinash Agarwal , Jan Hrdlicka , Sunita Varjani

Número de Páginas: 184

This book presents the recent research on the separation, purification and downstream utilization of CO2 and other flue gases. Chapters include a detailed discussion on the purification and further conversion of CO2 to commodity chemicals and fuels. With contributions from renowned researchers in the field, the book focuses on the current challenges of catalytic high-pressure chemical conversion and biochemical conversion into high-value products. This book is of interest to researchers, professionals, and students working on carbon capture and sequestration, and is a valuable resource for policy makers and government agents working on guidelines and frameworks for carbon capture and reuse.

Carbon Dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS).

Autor: Dongdong Feng , Jian Sun , Zijian Zhou

This Special Issue on "Carbon Dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)" features invited articles on the latest technologies and developments in CCUS, including but not limited to pre-combustion carbon capture; post-combustion carbon capture; oxyfuel or chemical cycle combustion; conversion of CO2 to synthetic fuels; biomass thermal conversion; CO2 storage; BECCUS; and other abatement technologies.

Advances and Technology Development in Greenhouse Gases: Emission, Capture and Conversion.

Autor: Mohammad Reza Rahimpour , Mohammad Amin Makarem , Maryam Meshksar

Advances and Technology Development in Greenhouse Gases: Emission, Capture and Conversion is a comprehensive seven-volume set of books that discusses the composition and properties of greenhouse gases, and introduces different sources of greenhouse gases emission and the relation between greenhouse gases and global warming. The comprehensive and detailed presentation of common technologies as well as novel research related to all aspects of greenhouse gases makes this work an indispensable encyclopedic resource for researchers in academia and industry.Volume 5 titled Carbon Dioxide Conversion to Chemicals and Energy provides a beneficial strategy to control the rise of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere and their conversion into valuable materials such as chemical and energy carriers. The book touches concepts about the conversion of carbon dioxide, which is the main GHG. This two-section volume provides applications of carbon dioxide and the chemical processes employed to fabricate a host of materials. Each section reviews a process in detail and surveys the economic assessments, cost analysis, environmental impacts and challenges, recent advances and new concepts, and the ...

Advances in CO2 Capture, Sequestration, and Conversion

Autor: Fangming Jin , Liang-nian He , Yun Hang Hu

"Distributed in print by Oxford University Press."

Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Methane for Counting C14

Autor: G. R. Henning

Número de Páginas: 6

Carbon Dioxide Mineralization and Utilization

Autor: Pen-chi Chiang , Shu-yuan Pan

Número de Páginas: 452

This book focuses on an important technology for mineralizing and utilizing CO2 instead of releasing it into the atmosphere. CO2 mineralization and utilization demonstrated in the waste-to-resource supply chain can “reduce carbon dependency, promote resource and energy efficiency, and lessen environmental quality degradation,” thereby reducing environmental risks and increasing economic benefits towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). In this book, comprehensive information on CO2 mineralization and utilization via accelerated carbonation technology from theoretical and practical considerations was presented in 20 Chapters. It first introduces the concept of the carbon cycle from the thermodynamic point of view and then discusses principles and applications regarding environmental impact assessment of carbon capture, storage and utilization technologies. After that, it describes the theoretical and practical considerations for “Accelerated Carbonation (Mineralization)” including analytical methods, and systematically presents the carbonation mechanism and modeling (process chemistry, reaction kinetics and mass transfer) and system analysis (design and analysis of...

Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science

Autor: Dr. Inamuddin , Tariq Altalhi

Número de Páginas: 618

Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Carbon Dioxide Capture and Utilization explores advanced technologies based on CO2 utilization. The book provides an overview on the conversion and utilization of CO2, extraction techniques, heterogeneous catalysis, green solvent, industrial approaches, and commodity products through energy-intensive processes. In addition, it highlights lifecycle assessment and biological and engineering strategies for CO2 utilization. Each chapter presents challenges in the processes and future perspectives for the application of CO2 conversion and utilization. Reviews carbon dioxide conversion and sequestration Provides literature on methods of carbon dioxide conversion and sequestration Discusses process, mechanism and materials used in carbon dioxide conversion and sequestration

Novel Approaches to Carbon Management

Autor: National Research Council , Division On Earth And Life Studies , Board On Earth Sciences And Resources , Division On Engineering And Physical Sciences , Board On Energy And Environmental Systems , Committee On Novel Approaches To The Management Of Greenhouse Gases From Energy Systems

Número de Páginas: 46

The National Research Council's (NRC's) Committee on Novel Approaches to the Management of Greenhouse Gases from Energy Systems held a workshop at the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center in Irvine, California, on February 12-14, 2003, to identify promising lines of research that could lead to currently unforeseen breakthroughs in the management of carbon from energy systems. The information identified by participants in the workshop will be used by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Office of Fossil Energy (FE) to award grants for new research in carbon management. During the workshop, invited participants from a variety of disciplines contributed their expertise and creativity to addressing the problem of carbon management. The ideas developed during the workshop were synthesized into this report by the committee, which oversaw the organization and execution of the workshop. However, this workshop summary does not contain any committee conclusions or recommendations, but simply reports on research areas that were identified as promising during the workshop discussions. The purpose of the workshop, as noted, was to identify novel approaches to the management of carbon from energy ...

Greenhouse Gas Carbon Dioxide Mitigation

Autor: Martin M. Halmann , Meyer Steinberg

Número de Páginas: 592

Any mention of the "greenhouse effect" tends to ignite controversy. While the rising atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases-especially carbon dioxide- are certainly among the most pressing issues today, theoretical and perceived consequences have been subject to conjecture and misinformation. That raging debate has obscured an important fact: scientists and engineers are hard at work on methods to reduce CO2 emissions, and devise practical methods for their remediation. Greenhouse Gas Carbon Dioxide Mitigation: Science and Technology sheds light on the most recent advancements, documented by two of the world's leading researchers on CO2. Aware of the complexity and still-unknown factors behind climatic change, the authors consider the need to make CO2 mitigation viable for both environmental and economic gain. To that end, Professor Halmann offers new insights into interesting chemical pathways for the conversion of CO2 to useful products. Steinberg adds real-life engineering solutions, applicable to heavy CO2-producing industrial processes, and improving efficiency of energy conversion. Exciting theories and pilot projects are also testing the potential for CO2...

CO2 Capture and Bioconversion to Biogas in an Anaerobic System Using an UASB Reactor

Autor: Mahmood Alimahmoodi

Carbon dioxide is the most dominant component of greenhouse gases and its increasing level in the atmosphere has been of growing concern for many years. There have been many methods to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the form of CO 2 capture and storage, for example, through its injection into underground waters, saline waters or aquifers in which, CO 2 is transferred from one place to another. However, with these approaches there is always the risk of CO 2 release to the environment. In this research, a new method for capture and conversion of carbon dioxide in an anaerobic system with an UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactor (1 L working volume) at 35°C is developed. Acetic acid and mixed VFAs (Volatile Fatty Acids) were tested as sources of hydrogen. The system performance was evaluated based on CO 2 and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) removals. Values of 68.7%-85.78% were obtained for CO 2 removal and the overall efficiency values were above 50% for loading rates up to 25 gCOD/L.d with a high methane content (>70%) in the biogas. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).

Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization

Autor: National Academies Of Sciences, Engineering, And Medicine , Division On Earth And Life Studies , Board On Chemical Sciences And Technology , Committee On Developing A Research Agenda For Utilization Of Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams

Número de Páginas: 257

In the quest to mitigate the buildup of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, researchers and policymakers have increasingly turned their attention to techniques for capturing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, either from the locations where they are emitted or directly from the atmosphere. Once captured, these gases can be stored or put to use. While both carbon storage and carbon utilization have costs, utilization offers the opportunity to recover some of the cost and even generate economic value. While current carbon utilization projects operate at a relatively small scale, some estimates suggest the market for waste carbon-derived products could grow to hundreds of billions of dollars within a few decades, utilizing several thousand teragrams of waste carbon gases per year. Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization: Status and Research Needs assesses research and development needs relevant to understanding and improving the commercial viability of waste carbon utilization technologies and defines a research agenda to address key challenges. The report is intended to help inform decision making surrounding the development and deployment of waste carbon...

The Carbon Chain in Carbon Dioxide Industrial Utilization Technologies

Autor: Dariusz Wawrzyńczak , Izabela Majchrzak-kucęba , Covadonga Pevida , Giuseppe Bonura , Rita Nogueira , Marcello De Falco

Número de Páginas: 173

A shift towards implementation of renewable energy has disadvantages, such as power availability, storage capacity, and accompanying costs, and therefore the potential of clean fossil fuel technologies to ensure the stability of electricity generation needs to be reconsidered until these challenges will be overcome. These clean technologies can help prevent the greenhouse effect and, at the same time, guarantee energy security, as coal is a widespread, price-stable raw material that is available in large quantities. This book focuses on the carbon chain, starting from the formation of CO2, through its capture, possible cleaning, to the production of useful products such as dimethylether, methanol, and carbonated cement prefabricates. The comprehensive case study presents the research results of an international team established within the "CCS-CCU technology for carbon footprint reduction using bio-adsorbents" (BIOCO2) project.

Carbon Dioxide Capture

Autor: Jonathan Albo Sánchez

The large scale consumption of fossil fuels for the production of energy has raised CO2 levels up to 400 ppm over the last decades. These high atmospheric CO2 concentrations are linked to severe environmental problems such as the undesirable effects of global warming. In the 21st century, the world will be still searching for strategies to re-balance the natural carbon cycle and decoupling the economic growth from CO2 emissions. The transition to a low-carbon economy emerges as a priority to sustain socio-economic progress in a world of finite resources. In this sense, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) are different approaches aimed at mitigating greenhouse gas impacts from fossil fuels combustion in industrial and energy-related processes. With the rapidly growing energy demand as countries develop, the CCS and CCU may be considered as an interesting mid-term solution to mitigate environmental impacts and allow humans to continue using fossil energy until renewable energy technologies have matured. In both processes, the CO2 capture seems to be one of the main bottleneck steps where the efforts have to be applied. Thus, the development of...

Captura y almacenamiento de CO2

Autor: Romeo Giménez, Luis Miguel , Lara, Yolanda , Lisbona Martín, María Pilar , Bolea, Irene , González, Ana , Lupiáñez, Carlos , Díez Pinilla, Luis Ignacio , Martínez, Ana

Número de Páginas: 227

Se explican las posibilidades tecnológicas para llevar a cabo la captura de CO2 en grandes plantas de producción eléctrica. En el capítulo inicial se plantea la problemática general del cambio climático y la regulación y control de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero a la atmósfera. También se dedica un capítulo a las posibilidades de almacenamiento geológico, para tener una visión completa del proceso.

CO2 Conversion and Utilization

Autor: Chunshan Song , Kaoru Fujimoto

This book focuses on the chemistry and processes for conversion and utilization of carbon dioxide. Topics include CO 2 utilization, its conversion to industrial chemicals and fuels, its coversion via synthesis gas, and new catalysts and chemical processes for conversion.

Research Roadmap of Technologies for Carbon Sequestration Alternatives

Autor: Elizabeth Burton , Kevin O'brien , William Bourcier , Niall Mateer , California Institute For Energy And Environment

Número de Páginas: 80

Carbon Capture

Autor: Ronald E. Hester , Roy M. Harrison

Número de Páginas: 325

Reports on methods of capturing and storing CO2 from major sources to reduce the levels emitted to the atmosphere by human activities.

Chemo-Biological Systems for CO2 Utilization

Autor: Ashok Kumar , Swati Sharma

Número de Páginas: 308

Chemo-Biological Systems for CO2 Utilization describes the most recent advanced tools and techniques for carbon dioxide capture and its utilization. It discusses and compares the advantages of different systems and aids researchers and industrialists in understanding energy generation in the form of biofuels, bioelectricity, or biogas using chemicals; nanomaterials; and microbial, enzymatic, and chemo-enzymatic-integrated systems. It describes the importance and utilization of CO2 in living systems, and provides an overview of the various fundamental methods, policies, and techniques involved in CO2 conversion. Emphasis is placed on the production of value-added products using CO2, including biomethanol, industrial carbonates, and liquid or gaseous fuels. Features: Explains the correlations between microbial, biological, and chemical products and their roles in the conversion of CO2 into usable energy and related products. Being suitable for a broad audience, it addresses fundamental treatment methods for reusing environmental waste materials. Aids in decision-making and policy planning for environmental professionals. The information provided throughout this book will help...

Carbon Dioxide Capture: An Effective Way to Combat Global Warming

Autor: Anne Elise Creamer , Bin Gao

This topical brief summarizes the various options available for carbon capture and presents the current strategies involved in CO2 reduction. The authors focus on current CO2 capture technologies that facilitate the reduction of greenhouse gas (CO2) emissions and reduce global warming. This short study will interest environmental researchers, teachers and students who have an interest in global warming.

Carbon Capture and Sequestration

Autor: Elizabeth Wilson , David Gerard

Número de Páginas: 296

This book is the first systematic presentation of the technical, legal, and economic forces that must coalesce to realize carbon dioxide capture and geologic sequestration as a viable CO2 reduction strategy. It synthesizes key engineering data and explains the technological and legal conditions that must be in place for carbon sequestration to be realized.

Cutting-Edge Technology for Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage

Autor: Karine Ballerat-busserolles , Ying Wu , John J. Carroll

Número de Páginas: 384

Of the 36 billon tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) being emitted into Earth’s atmosphere every year, only 40 million tons are able to be captured and stored. This is just a fraction of what needs to be captured, if this technology is going to make any headway in the global march toward reversing, or at least reducing, climate change. CO2 capture and storage has long been touted as one of the leading technologies for reducing global carbon emissions, and, even though it is being used effectively now, it is still an emerging technology that is constantly changing. This volume, a collection of papers presented during the Cutting-Edge Technology for Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CETCCUS), held in Clermont-Ferrand, France in the fall of 2017, is dedicated to these technologies that surround CO2 capture. Written by some of the most well-known engineers and scientists in the world on this topic, the editors, also globally known, have chosen the most important and cutting-edge papers that address these issues to present in this groundbreaking new volume, which follows their industry-leading series, Advances in Natural Gas Engineering, a seven-volume series also available from...

Engineering Solutions for CO2 Conversion

Autor: Tomas R. Reina , Jose A. Odriozola , Harvey Arellano-garcia

Número de Páginas: 471

Carbon Capture

Autor: Jennifer Wilcox

Número de Páginas: 324

This book approaches the energy science sub-field carbon capture with an interdisciplinary discussion based upon fundamental chemical concepts ranging from thermodynamics, combustion, kinetics, mass transfer, material properties, and the relationship between the chemistry and process of carbon capture technologies. Energy science itself is a broad field that spans many disciplines -- policy, mathematics, physical chemistry, chemical engineering, geology, materials science and mineralogy -- and the author has selected the material, as well as end-of-chapter problems and policy discussions, that provide the necessary tools to interested students.

Carbon Capture and Storage Optimisation in Solid Oxides

Autor: Greg Alexander Mutch

To decrease carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere for climate change mitigation it is necessary to modify existing practices in processes where greenhouse gases are emitted. Due to the extremely large volumes of carbon dioxide produced globally, it is generally accepted that although carbon dioxide conversion and utilisation will contribute in the long term, in the short to medium term it will be necessary to capture and store carbon dioxide emissions to progress towards a low carbon future. Current industrial capture processes incur large energy and thus economic penalties. Storage in geological formations requires robust confidence in storage security to be publically accepted. Therefore the objective of this work was to study carbon dioxide capture and storage in processes directly confronting these two major challenges. Carbon dioxide adsorption on oxide materials for advanced carbon capture processes with lower energetic and economic penalties was investigated. Water was shown to play a crucial role in determining the presence of reactive sites, the speciation of carbonates formed and increased sorbent utilisation. A high surface area oxide with specifically exposed...

Carbon Dioxide Capture for Storage in Deep Geologic Formations

Autor: David C. Thomas , Sally Benson

Número de Páginas: 684

Accompanying CD-ROM contains the results from the CO2 capture projects.

Advances and Technology Development in Greenhouse Gases: Emission, Capture and Conversion.

Autor: Mohammad Reza Rahimpour , Mohammad Amin Makarem , Maryam Meshksar , Ali Bakhtyari

Advances and Technology Development in Greenhouse Gases: Emission, Capture and Conversion: Greenhouse Gases Storage and Transportation is a comprehensive seven-volume set of books that discusses the composition and properties of greenhouse gases, and introduces different sources of greenhouse gases emission and the relation between greenhouse gases and global warming. The comprehensive and detailed presentation of common technologies as well as novel research related to all aspects of greenhouse gases makes this work an indispensable encyclopedic resource for researchers in academia and industry. Volume 3 titled Greenhouse Gases Storage and Transportation investigates in detail the methods of storage and transportation, their current status, novel strategies, and the conventional challenges. The book consists of four sections, the first three of which include various strategies employed in the storage and transportation of the major greenhouse gases (GHGs), namely carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Each section addresses recent advances, new concepts, and the economic assessment of storage and transportation facilities. Section 4 surveys the challenges that storage and...

Investigación y gestión de los recursos del subsuelo

Autor: Juan Antonio López Geta

Número de Páginas: 938

Developments and Innovation in Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Capture and Storage Technology

Autor: M. Mercedes Maroto-valer

The CO2 Capture and Storage Project (CCP) for Carbon Dioxide Storage in Deep Geologic Formations for Climate Change Mitigation

Autor: David C. Thomas , Sally Benson , Curtis M.. Oldenburg , Mike Hoversten , Scott Imbus

Novel Materials for Carbon Dioxide Mitigation Technology

Autor: Bryan Morreale , Fan Shi

Materials for Carbon Dioxide Mitigation Technology offers expert insight and experience from recognized authorities in advanced material development in carbon mitigation technology and constitutes a comprehensive guide to the selection and design of a wide range of solvent/sorbent/catalyst used by scientists globally. It appeals to chemical scientists, material scientists and engineers, energy researchers, and environmental scientists from academia, industry, and government in their research directed toward greener, more efficient carbon mitigation processes.

1st World Conference on Biomass for Energy and Industry

Autor: Spyros Kyritsis

Número de Páginas: 1170

The 1st World Conference and Technology Exhibition on Biomass for Energy and Industry, held in Sevilla in June 2000, brought together for the first time the traditional European Conference on Biomass for Energy and Industry and the Biomass Conference of the Americas, thus creating the largest and most outstanding event in the worldwide biomass sector. The conference elaborated innovative global strategies, projects and efficient practice rules for energy and the environment at a key stage in the industry's development. New concepts and projects were highlighted to increase the social and political awareness for a change in worldwide resource consumption and to promote economically, socially and environmentally sustainable development for the next millennium. In 2 volumes, the Proceedings include some 470 papers essential to an understanding of current thinking, practice, research and global developments in the biomass sector - a vital reference source for researchers, manufacturers, and policy makers involved or interested in the use of biomass for energy and industry.